mesh typically consisted of > 160,000 (C3D8H) elements.In order to eliminate the volumetric locking resulting from the incompressibility constraint, a hybrid-type C3D8H element is employed. We simulate the membrane of a dielectric elastomer using Abaqus/Standard, at a low voltage ramp rate of 20 V s −1 which is employed in the experiments.Commands supported: *NODE *NSET *NGEN *NCOPY *NFILL *ELEMENT *ELSET *ELGEN *ELCOPY *MATERIAL *SOLID *SHELL *ELASTIC *DENSITY *EXPANSION *BOUNDARY *CLOAD *DLOAD Some advanced node- and element-generation features have not been implemented.Incompatible mode eight-node brick Up: Element Types Previous: Eight-node brick element (C3D8 Contents Eight-node brick element with reduced integration (C3D8R and F3D8R).Lastly, I would like to thank my close friends and family for the support they have given me. In addition, I would like to thank the company Solutia Ghent for making their experimental results available for comparisons with numerical models in this thesis. With his suggestions, I was able to solve several problems in the numerical models. The numerical forming steps and the Z-axis displacement conditions are controlled by specific amplitude curves that describe exactly the different forming stages programmed on the machine during the experimental test.

The size of each element is about 13x13x7mm3. A C3D8H element type with full integration is used.

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